ANNUAL REPORT 1934  - Action to Protect Rural Scotland (2025)

Association for the Preservation of Rural Scotland

(A.P.R.S.)

3 FORRES STREET

EDINBURGH

Telephone, 30317

OFFICE BEARERS

Honorary President

The Rt. Hon. THE EARL OF CRAWFORD & BALCARRES, K.T.

President

The Rt. Hon. THE EARL OF HADDINGTON, M.C.

Vice-President

Sir JOHN STIRLING MAXWELL, Bt., K.T.

Chairman of Council

Sir IAIN COLQUHOUN, Bt., D.S.O.

Deputy-Chairman

Hon. W. T. H. SCOTT, MASTER OF POLWARTH

Joint Hon. Secretaries

F. C. MEARS, F.R.I.B.A. LESLIE G. THOMSON, A.R.I.B.A.

Hon. Treasurer

ALEXANDER HARRISON, C.A.

Organising Secretary

KENNETH FERGUSON

OFFICE: 3 FORRES STREET, EDINBURGH Telephone 30317

THE COUNCIL

Chairman-Sir IAIN COLQUHOUN, Bt., D.S.O.

Deputy-Chairman-Hon. W. T. H. SCOTT, MASTER OF POLWARTH

The Most Hon. THE MARQUESS OF ABERDEEN AND TEMAIR.

The Most Hon. THE MARCHIONESS OF ABERDEEN AND TEMAIR.

Lord Provost HENRY ALEXANDER (Aberdeen).

W. F. ARBUCKLE.

Prof. F. G. BAILY.

Dr. T. RATCLIFFE BARNETT.

J. BARTHOLOMEW.

H. MORTIMER BATTEN.

B. HALL BLYTH.

GEORGE CALVERT.

Sir D. Y. CAMERON.

The Right Hon. THE EARL OF CASSILLIS.

G. CONNOR.

A. O. CURLE.

Miss I. F. GRANT.

Mrs G. HEDDERWICK,

H. R. G. INGLIS.

W. H. JOHNSON.

J. LOCHHEAD.

T. MACKINTOSH.

J. D. MONRO.

B. N. H. ORPHOOT.

J. WILSON PATERSON.

The Right Hon. LORD POLWARTH.

Rev. A. E. ROBERTSON.

J. M. RUSK.

Capt. W. P. M. RUSSELL, M.C.

D. GORDON SHIELDS.

P. THOMSEN.

WM. WALKER.

Sir W. E. WHYTE.

Ex-Officio Members

The Lady GEORGE CAMPBELL, President, Cowal Committee.

The Right Hon. THE EARL OF GALLOWAY, Chairman, Galloway Branch.

Lt.-Col. ARCHIBALD STIRLING, Chairman, Stirlingshire Branch.

The Right Hon. THE EARL OF MORAY, President, Moray and Nairn Branch.

Col. E. J. TENNANT, Chairman, Moray and Nairn Branch.

REPRESENTATIVES OF CONSTITUENT BODIES

REPRESENTATIVES OF AFFILIATED SOCIETIES

.

The Association for the Preservation of Rural Scotland

ANNUAL REPORT, 1934

THE Council has pleasure in submitting the Annual Report of the Association, together with a Statement of Finances, for the year ended 31st December 1933.

Very cordial thanks are again due to the office-bearers of the Association for their work and personal interest during the course of the year.

The Council also desires to thank the Carnegie United Kingdom Trustees for the support they continue to extend to the Rural Preservation Movement in Scotland by an annual grant of £400.

The Press, as usual, has been consistently helpful in freely opening its columns to further the objects of the Association.

INTRODUCTION

A forecast was made in the introduction to last year’s Annual Report of tendencies likely to affect the future aspect of the Scottish countryside, and it is interesting now to note the remarkable increase of literature on the subject of Scotland’s scenic attractions, its memorials of the past, its history, and its wealth of anecdote and folk-lore.* Many of these publications are beautifully illustrated, and, considered in conjunction with innumerable articles in periodicals and in the daily press, show how the floodlight of publicity has turned upon Scotland. The day, in fact, has come when the remotest corners of our countryside offering prospect of pleasurable visitation or exploration receive an increasing measure of popular attention. Many factors must contribute to this tide of interest and among them precedence should probably be given to the extensive road improvements of recent years.

* Over 30 books of a popular and descriptive character, dealing with Scotland or districts of Scotland, have been published recently, or comparatively recently. This enumeration does not include the more learned works of research into social, historical, or archæological questions. One of the popular works has gone through as many as 18 editions.

The national financial crisis, also, and the shrunken incomes of past years, have diverted great numbers from continental resorts to the holiday attractions of Britain, where Scotland provides the last really extensive areas of what may be described as “wild” country, or “nature reserves.” Last, if not least, is the publicity to which reference has already been made and to which in fairness should be added the accounts of the Loch Ness “Monster,” whose existence or non-existence has been hotly debated in every civilised country. Whatever the causes may be, the effects are undoubted. The public of Great Britain is turning to Scotland almost as to a terra nova, for the degree of ignorance which has persisted in the south regarding conditions in Scotland is to this day truly astonishing. A reactionary or obstructive outlook has never formed any part of the policy of our Association; and the expanding interest, broadly considered, appears altogether desirable both in a cultural and in an economic sense. There will, however, be increasing need for watchfulness, if amenities are to be safeguarded against acts of commercial vandalism, or the bad manners and uninformed conduct of a certain type of tourist. Frequented highways attract the advertiser, who overnight will erect obtrusive hoardings in the most conspicuous situations that can be found. Places of refreshment and Petrol Stations of a ramshackle or pseudo-rustic type, catering for the touring public, crop up to mar beautiful places, and pile discord on tawdriness with enamelled signs and crowded pumps. Villa residences of incongruous types may be selected from building contractors’ catalogues or planned by half-instructed draughtsmen to jar with attractive surroundings. There are also the problems of litter, trespass, and damage to property, arising from the increasing penetration of rural areas by people who do not realise the harm they may do. Reference is made elsewhere in this report to the efforts put forth in counteracting harmful tendencies in these various respects.

Simultaneously there is unquestionably a strong cultural influence at work for conservation of the beautiful in nature and for a better appreciation of what is seemly in matters of taste. Superficially the times are out of joint, and the surface manifestations of utility and financial expediency obscure deeper cultural influences which sooner or later must surely preponderate. The period, indeed, is one of rather feverish transition, in which modes of life are being revolutionised by rapid transport and by the dissemination of information on a scale undreamt of less than half a century ago. We are living in the rapids, but calmer waters should eventually be reached.

CHAIRMANSHIP

It is with regret that the Council intimates that Sir Iain Colquhoun feels obliged to retire from the Chairmanship. The pressure of public duties devolving upon him curtails his time, and Sir Iain feels the need of some relief in respect of routine matters. His intention is to continue in close personal touch with the affairs of the Association.

It will be recalled that the late Lord Constable, who was one of the pioneers of the A.P.R.S., was its original Chairman. After his death towards the end of 1927, and at a critical juncture in the formative stages of the Association, Sir Iain was unanimously elected to fill the vacancy. He has since taken the keenest personal interest in A.P.R.S. development, and his ability and disinterestedness, combined with his knowledge and his position in Scottish social life and home affairs, gave the cause a momentum of which it stood in need.

The Council here desires to place on record its very deep and cordial appreciation of the great services which Sir Iain has rendered to the rural preservation movement in Scotland during the six years of his tenure of office.

The Council is fortunate in being able to report that the Hon. W. T. H. Scott, Master of Polwarth, has agreed, at the unanimous wish of the Council, to accept nomination vice Sir Iain Colquhoun, and it will be proposed at the forthcoming Annual Meeting of the Association on 14th March that Sir Iain be appointed a Vice-President of the A.P.R.S. jointly with Sir John Stirling Maxwell.

The Master of Polwarth’s intimate connection with the Border Counties of Scotland brings the Association into closer touch with that historical and beautiful countryside.

COUNTRY VISITING

SCHEME OF RURAL SURVEYS

The Council decided early in the year to explore the possibilities of a scheme of country visiting, the proposal being that parties of members should undertake surveys of selected areas, with a two-fold object: Firstly, to acquire information as a guide to the Council; and secondly, to encourage local interest in the preservation of the amenities of particular districts. It was felt that solicitude for attractive and beautiful surroundings is everywhere present, and that meetings with residents to discuss points of interest would serve a good purpose. The policy was set in motion early in May and continued during the summer and autumn months as frequently as possible; observations being carried out in the following districts or counties:-

East Lothian, and a portion of Midlothian.

Mid and West Lothian (including the Torphichen area).

Perthshire (Dunkeld/Stanley district).

Stirlingshire (Gargunnock/Fintry area) and Loch Lomondside.

Lanarkshire and Dumbartonshire (approaches to Glasgow).

The methods followed have been to select an area and to plan an itinerary with certain objectives in view. A rendezvous would be arranged, and the survey party, consisting of ten or more members, would proceed in cars, provided with maps, cameras, and with such appropriate reference books as could be carried. Primarily the intention would be to observe the aspect of a district in relation to points of amenity, noting roadway and roadside features, architecture and the effects of local housing development, electrical distribution, and similar matters. Incidentally, note would be taken of the condition of streams and such points as small-holding development, or of antiquarian features, and, in short, the endeavour would be made to observe and consider the general conditions and aspect of the district traversed. Where possible, visits were arranged in co-operation with residents in the district, or meetings with residents took place during the course of the day. Thereafter, the information gleaned has been embodied for the information of the Council in reports drawn up by the Organising Secretary, attention being directed to salient points and to the suggestions arising. For example, the attention of the East Lothian C.C. was drawn to the deteriorating effect upon the beaches eastward of Prestonpans occasioned by the uncontrolled drift of coal-mining debris, and the neglected condition of the remarkable ruins of Kinclaven Castle (Stanley district) was brought before the National Trust for Scotland. The Stirlingshire visit was arranged in co-operation with members of the Stirling and District Branch of the Association, and in the Glasgow area with the Glasgow Civic Society for the purpose of considering how beauty spots and attractive features about the approaches to that City might best be conserved.

The series of visits proved of the greatest interest to those taking part, and reports have been circulated to all members of Council. It was found in general that disfigurements were to a large extent localised to the line of main or arterial roads and to the vicinity of burghs. Between the main road systems, even in mining* and industrial areas, considerable tracts of unspoilt country may be found, pointing to possibilities of Statutory conservation under regional planning schemes. It is remarkable, indeed, how a short diversion from a main road bearing the most disagreeable marks of commercialism and industrialisation brings the observer into pleasant rural surroundings. Possibly the plan of touring the country in small organised parties may be more widely taken up, and, if reports on points arising were submitted to the A.P.R.S. office, steps could be taken to effect improvements or to avert vandalism in particular districts.

The Council desires very cordially to thank those members who have lent cars on the occasions referred to, whereby the whole scheme was facilitated.

TRESPASS AND DAMAGE TO PROPERTY

The Council desires to report that a Conference of Societies representing various countryside interests assembled in June last under the auspices of the Scottish Land and Property Federation, to consider problems arising from the increasing penetration of rural areas by the general public. The agricultural interests had already met under the same auspices, to discuss a situation which in many districts has become extremely aggravated through ignorant or wanton interference with farming and stockraising lands. In consequence, there was considerable support for a proposal that the law of trespass in Scotland, at present governed by the Act of 1865, should be strengthened. At the suggestion of Sir Iain Colquhoun, the June Conference was convened, in order that the interests of the Agriculturalists might be discussed in relation to those of such bodies as the Scottish Rights of Way and Recreation Society, the Scottish Mountaineering Club, the Scottish Youth Hostels Association, and the Ramblers Federation, together with the Guide and Scout Organ- isations. The A.P.R.S. was represented by Prof. F. G. Baily, Mr Arthur W. Russell, W.S., and the Organising Secretary. A difference of opinion on the proposal to alter the law and custom of Scotland in respect of trespass was immediately manifest, and it became clear that opposition would be aroused if recommendations to that effect were embodied in a memorandum to the Secretary of State. It was felt that somewhat narrow laws, restricting access, would be a retrograde step, and that it would be undesirable to grant arbitrary powers for interpretation at discretion. In consequence, the proposal was abandoned. On the other hand, there was mutual agreement that further powers should be sought in order that summary penalties might be imposed in respect of abuses such as the negligent use of fires, litter leaving, the lack of control of dogs, and the disturbance of stock. Suggestions were put forward by the A.P.R.S. representatives for further consideration of the possibilities of providing park lands for public recreational use in rural areas, on the grounds that it is manifestly unjust and illogical that holiday parties, sometimes numbering hundreds of individuals, should overrun agricultural lands or private grounds. It was pointed out that travel facilities bring these masses into the country, where little provision for their reception has hitherto been made.

Following on the June Conference an agreed memorandum was submitted to the Secretary of State, the main points of which have already been indicated. On 18th October a delegation representing the same Societies and Organisations was received in Edinburgh by the Under Secretary of State (Sir Godfrey Collins being unavoidably absent), and the several points raised in the memorandum were discussed. Mr Skelton expressed sympathy with the principle of imposing penalties in cases of the more flagrant abuses which occasion loss and damage, or disfigurement, and the problems arising are at present under consideration at the Scottish Office.

ROADS AND BRIDGES

The Council has noted in the introduction to this report the significance of the road improvements’ works undertaken in Scotland of recent years. As was anticipated in last year’s forecast, the completion of the Glencoe Road has prompted consideration of further extensive road improvement schemes north and west of the Caledonian Canal. The opening of arterial roads through central Scotland to Inverness, and through Glencoe to Fort-William, together with the approaching completion of the long link between these two points via the Great Glen, has (as was anticipated by the Council) focused attention on the primitive condition of the roads running north and west. Inverness-shire is now considering a five-year plan of road improvements in that area of the County and in Skye. The scenery through which these rough roads pass is of great grandeur, and fortunately there appears to be no fear of harsh treatment in respect of amenities. The road authority of the County is fully alive to the importance of conserving natural beauty, and in any case the demands of economy will be imperious. For all ordinary purposes of safe and reasonably rapid travel, essential improvements can be effected on our Highland roads at a relatively low cost by the judicious treatment of dangerous corners, by safe bridging, and by the provision of bays or passing places at convenient intervals. Heavily engineered roads of the Glencoe type are out of the question in this case.

The Association continues its happy relations with the Authorities in Argyll, and road works in that vast territory extending from the Mull of Kintyre to Morven, and embracing the inner chain of the Hebrides south of Skye, are in safe hands. Recently the Association was in a position to co-operate in the design of a small but conspicuous road bridge to cross the Loin Water at the head of Loch Long, near Arrochar. Its suggestions have been adopted. The County Surveyor also desires consultation with the A.P.R.S. in respect of an important road bridge which will cross the river Orchy westward of Dalmally. The site is an impressive one, and there is every expectation that a structure worthy of its magnificent setting will be evolved. The Council reports these instances of friendly co-operation with very real pleasure.

The most important bridging operation to be undertaken in Scotland for many years is the Forth Road Bridge at Kincardine, preliminary work upon which has already commenced. As is well known, the proposal to cross the Forth at this point experienced many vicissitudes after the project was first mooted, and almost to the last moment there was uncertainty as to whether the scheme would go forward. The æsthetical considerations which arise occasion a reminder as to the position of the Royal Fine Art Commission for Scotland – an advisory body appointed some years ago by Royal Warrant. Its assistance might be more freely sought by public bodies in Scotland engaged on large undertakings of any kind. The Commissioners were not consulted in this important case, and by their terms of reference (Scotland) are not in a position to proffer advice unless they are brought into consultation; nor does it appear competent for the A.P.R.S., in the capacity of a quasi-public body not directly concerned, to bring such questions as the design or plan of an undertaking before the Commissioners. The point was, in fact, raised in this instance, but intervention on the part of the Commissioners was impossible owing to the advanced stage which the scheme had reached. Tenders had already been accepted, and contracts were speedily closed. Adverse criticism of the plans is not necessarily suggested, but it seems a pity that the safeguard of consulting the Fine Art Commission was not adopted.

DESIGN IN BUILDING

Local Housing

The Council has felt some anxiety in respect of the Highlands. The expectation is that building development (hotels, garages, and summer villas) may occur with the possible intrusion of incongruous styles of architecture out of keeping with the surroundings. It was decided, therefore, to draw attention to the question in the leading Highland papers, and to intimate that while the A.P.R.S. recommendation is that a qualified architect should be brought into consultation by the intending builder, the Association would be happy to render advice, if so desired.

During the year the notice of the Association was drawn by members in the Grantown area to the proposed introduction of tenement blocks in that district under a County Council housing scheme. It was considered that tenements would be undesirable æsthetically, and that they were unsuited to the requirements of the people, who have little in common with the gregarious habits of city dwellers. From these aspects, the case was of considerable interest. The County Council had no desire to force the introduction of a tenement system of housing in face of local dislike, but, on the other hand, the Central Authority subsidises local housing on the principle of securing the lowest possible rental, irrespective of other considerations. Inquiries, however, brought out the fact that a drop in interest rates would enable the County to borrow sufficiently cheaply to erect small detached or semi- detached houses within the requisite figure as regards costs and rents.

The Association’s advice was sought during the year by the Town Council of Peebles in respect of a local housing scheme, and designs were submitted. The site offered difficulties, but the group of simple two-storey blocks which now approaches com- pletion shows qualities of design and colour which are superior to the ordinary housing scheme style. The point is significant in relation to costs, which do not exceed the normal, attractive building being less a matter of expense than the application of trained knowledge to problems of siting, proportion, and colour.

A notable demonstration of attractive design and layout, in which the Association was indirectly interested, is provided at Galashiels in the Cottage Homes built for the Trustees of the Lucy Sanderson bequest, and opened in August last. The bequest provides cottage dwellings, and a central hall, for a number of aged people, and made possible one of those comparatively rare opportunities which the architect nowadays has of designing a scheme as a whole and in relation to its surroundings. The site was an unpromising one, which was at first adversely reported upon by the Department of Health’s architects. The ground was, however, judiciously utilised, a circumstance which emphasises what skilled judgment in a layout plan can do under difficulties. In this case available funds permitted latitude in the choice of materials, and the cottages are substantially built of whinstone. At the same time, less durable building in brick, harled and agreeably colour washed, would have achieved a very attractive appearance at a figure comparable with the costs of ordinary local housing; the point again being, that good design is by no means necessarily dependent on high costs.

The belief, widely held, that good results can only be secured at prohibitive cost can indeed be disproved, and it would seem that the sooner this fetish is dispelled in the interests of Scottish domestic architecture, the better. The blight which has fallen on the artist-craftsmen of Britain in the past century appears now to be passing away, and the Art-in-Industry movement, which has struggled for recognition for a century, has recently gained an impetus through the personal interest of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales. Today the soil for its growth in Britain is probably more fertile than it has hitherto been in an artistically decadent period, which will be noted historically for extraordinary industrial, commercial, and numerical progress, at the expense of a previous high standard in æsthetics. It is clear to-day that there is a very widespread desire for betterment, and to that end the A.P.R.S. is constantly striving by precept and example.

THE PURIFICATION OF RIVERS

During 1933 two further reports (obtainable for a small sum at H.M. Stationery Offices) have been issued by the Scottish Advisory Committee on Rivers Pollution Prevention, viz.:

1. On the Leven and Ore (Fife).

2. On the Tyne (East Lothian).

Conditions on the rivers Almond and Avon (West Lothian) have been fully investigated, and will form the subject of a joint report to appear in 1934. The inquiries of the Committee are now directed to other tributaries, and will in due course embrace the Forth from source to estuary. The final stage of the Committee’s prolonged and highly technical investigations will concern the Clyde, though probably not before 1935. Thereafter, it is anticipated that Sir Wm. Whyte and his colleagues will be in possession of full data on which to base recommendations to Parliament for the future control of pollution in Scotland. It will be recalled that the cumbersome Act of 1876 is the present governing legislation, the inherent weakness of which is that so many authorities are concerned in its operation, and that there is no paramount authority. In consequence, many Local Authorities have failed to enforce the law, and have not infrequently been the worst pollutors themselves.

The hot and dry summer of 1933 emphasised the insanitary condition of the Tweed at Peebles. So bad were the conditions that a remonstrance was sent to the Town Council by various riparian owners, in consequence of which it seems that the problem of installing sewage purification works is at last to be taken in hand. The Selkirk (Ettrick) purification plant was opened during the year, and with Peebles about to follow suit, as is confidently hoped, the more serious causes of pollution affecting the Tweed will be eliminated. On the Almond, the town of Whitburn has installed sewage purification works, and elsewhere it is understood that the Committee’s recommendations have been backed by a very helpful attitude on the part of certain oil refineries. It seems doubtful, however, if fish life can thrive in the Almond under present industrial conditions, as much oily substance finds its way into the river by natural filtration. In the case of the atrociously polluted Leven, purification becomes necessary in the interests of public health. The main pollution of the Tyne is occasioned by sewage at Haddington. The difficulty in all these cases is the cost of purification works.

On the whole, it seems that members who are interested in this aspect of the rural preservation problem may feel that considerable progress has been made in the period under review. The purification of the Tweed at Peebles will be a very welcome advance.

AFFORESTATION AND AMENITIES

The report of the Stirling and District Branch of the Association refers to co-operation with the Forestry Commissioners in respect of view-points on the new Aberfoyle/Trossachs road. The Commissioners were good enough also to consult the Association as to certain tree varieties to be introduced. It was felt that indigenous hard woods, such as the Beech, would be preferable to the Canadian Maple, as nothing is more lovely in early summer or in autumn than the verdant greens and the brilliant orange and red of the Beech foliage. Concern has been expressed that forestry operations about Strathyre (Perthshire) will cause the disappearance of some attractive stands of timber. Mr John Sutherland reports, however, that a good deal of 200-year old Scots pine is to be left in situ, and also that sufficient of the deciduous hardwood trees will remain to redeem the landscape from any appearance of monotony. Mr Sutherland has again very generously offered to conduct a party of A.P.R.S. members over the Forestry Commission lands in the Strathyre district; an invitation which has been accepted.

It is feared by certain members that the extensive operations of the Forestry Commission in Scotland, particularly in Highland districts, may transfigure entire landscapes to their detriment. While appearances will certainly be changed in many situations, Scottish scenery is so varied by rugged outline and by innumerable lochs that the effect of immense stretches of gloomy coniferous timber, such as may be observed in parts of Germany, can hardly materialise in this country. In any case the Commissioners are very fully alive to the amenity question so far as it is compatible with the economic purposes of successful State Afforestation, and it would seem that the benefits which will accrue from arboriculture, hand in hand with an extending degree of land settlement, must be great. Appearances, to a certain extent, may be sacrificed, but a countryside re-peopled and turned to greater economic account seems preferable to vast areas of relatively sterile moorland, or to bare hillsides now grazing a few sheep.

A proposal was put to the Association early in the year by Mr John Murray of the Forestry Commission, for the conservation of certain remaining patches of the ancient Caledonian Pine Forests, which constitute such picturesque features of the Highland landscape.

He suggests that certain of these old stands of pine should be fenced off, in order that natural regeneration of the indigenous trees may be encouraged. Left in the open, seedlings are nibbled up, and the old trees tend to die off. The question was taken up by the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, and the interest of the National Trust for Scotland has also been evoked. Certain negotiations are now proceeding, and it is hoped that the ownership of some tracts of these ancient woodlands will be vested in the Trust, so that Mr Murray’s proposal may be furthered.

ANCIENT MONUMENTS

Attention was drawn by the Association during the summer of 1933 to the ruins of Kinclaven Castle, which stand on the right bank of the Tay opposite the confluence of the Isla. The site was inspected in the course of one of the series of Country Visits embracing the Dunkeld/Stanley district of Perthshire, and gave rise to interesting inquiries into the history of this ancient stronghold and residence of the Scottish Kings prior to the Wars of Independence. Tradition associates the Castle with Malcolm Canmore; but the visible remains, impressive in scale, are of a later date. Excavation, however, would very possibly reveal evidences of an earlier and more primitive structure. Kinclaven Castle is the scene of a notable feat of arms by Sir Wm. Wallace and his followers, and has lain in ruins since about the time of Bannockburn. The case was referred by the Association to the National Trust for Scotland, with a view to possibilities of acquisition on behalf of the nation. Negotiations with this object in view have since been proceeding.

It will be recalled that a very keen interest was taken by the Ancient Monuments Committee of the Association in the question of the preservation of the picturesque Towers which form an integral part of the Border landscape. Many of the Border Towers have been examined by Mr Wm. Davidson and his colleagues, whose carefully compiled reports, accompanied by photographs, are a record of conditions as they found them a few years ago. Rapid deterioration is observable in certain cases, to which the attention of the Council has been drawn. A suggestion that the Towers should be considered as a group in historical relation to the Border countryside has been put before the Ancient Monuments Advisory Board. Regarded singly, however, the Towers are classed as minor monuments, and in all such matters the question of preservation resolves itself into one of available funds. It was hoped that in certain cases proprietors might see their way to effect essential repairs on a restricted scale, but it transpires that the bearing of taxation on outlays of this nature is repressive, as no rebate on Maintenance Claims is allowed by the Inland Revenue Authorities. The point has naturally a very adverse bearing on private efforts to preserve ancient buildings, and will be further considered in Council. With regard to major monuments, members will note with pleasure that Glenluce Abbey has been taken over by H.M. Office of Works. The condition of the building was reported on some years ago by the A.P.R.S. Ancient Monuments Committee, and sundry combined efforts have since led to the present transfer. The Walled Gardens of Edzell Castle, and Carnasserie Castle near Kilmartin in Argyllshire, are further instances of Government solicitude, as also is the taking over of the beautiful Market Cross at Prestonpans, together with various Neolithic cairns in Orkney, and the important Mid Howe broch on the Island of Rousay in the same area.

All these structures are now in the custody of H.M. Office of Works.

It is clear from numerous cases reported in the press during the course of the year that increasing public interest is being taken in the preservation of the lesser memorials and monuments in which the Scottish countryside abounds. The Council notes this interest with pleasure, and will be happy to render all advice and assistance in its power, as occasion may arise.

ADVERTISEMENT REGULATION

The Council deplores the increasing number of hoardings and reflecting signs which are appearing on the roadsides and in the general vicinity of towns. Members must be aware of the protracted negotiations which have taken place from time to time with the Scottish Office on this subject, although hitherto without effect in securing powers of regulation. The reports of the Association have repeatedly referred to the fact that the Advertisement Regulation Acts of 1907 and 1925 are inoperative in Scotland, and in consequence that the County Councils are without powers. The effect is that it is open to any advertiser, whether an individual or an Advertising Company or Agent, to lease sites and to erect hoardings or reflecting signs irrespective of considerations of amenity. The fact that hoardings are heavily taxed appears to be rather a weakness from the A.P.R.S. point of view, as they thus become a source of revenue to the rating authorities, who may hesitate to deprive themselves of income. The Regulation Acts referred to are, it is true, by no means ideal instruments. In the first place, a hoarding is erected before exception can be taken to it. Objections, therefore, become post facto, and on appeal the magistrates have to decide whether the erection constitutes an eyesore or not. An adverse decision does not encourage intervention by the Local Authority on the score of amenity. For such reasons, opinion in England, where the Acts are in operation, is turning to the alternative advocated in Scotland, of seeking powers of licensing. Under such a system the Advertiser must secure a license from the Local Authority before a hoarding can be put up, subject to the right of appeal to a Sheriff in cases of dispute.

The Association of County Councils in Scotland is, in fact, now drafting a private members bill embodying this principle, and when it is presented in Parliament a definite stage will be reached. It should be possible, at any rate, to sound Parliamentary feeling in the matter, and it is hoped that Government may be stimulated to take cognisance of the general position. Unsightly hoardings are, indeed, the commonest cause of complaint when the disfigurement of the countryside is under discussion.

The Council again desires to call attention to the fact that proprietors may forbid the erection of hoardings on farm lands occupied by tenants under agricultural leases. If a site should be sublet under such conditions, removal of any hoarding erected may be ordered, without recourse.

As regards æsthetic considerations there would appear to be a remarkable field for more artistic advertising. The common medium is a square board painted in staring colours and covered with crude lettering; the whole displaying lack of perception of the possibilities of artistic treatment. It is true that a Rembrandt would look out of place if set in a frame on the side of a road, or in such a position as to obstruct a view in nature, but in many situations the observer is struck by the fact that a certain amount of judgment in the use of form, colour, and quality of lettering, would go far to redeem many advertisements from the category of the mere eyesore. One of the least objectionable types of notice board, or hoarding, in country surroundings, is in white lettering on a black ground. It is very legible, and the black fades into the surroundings, except at close quarters.

DISPOSAL OF REFUSE AND THE LITTER NUISANCE

Consideration has been given by the Council to the problem of the disposal of refuse in rural areas, arrangements for which are unsatisfactory, or non-existent, in many parts of the country. In particular, the attention of the Local Authorities has been drawn to the unsightly appearance of small harbours and foreshores in many parts of the West Highlands and Islands. Such places are the common dumping-ground for scrap iron, old tyres, tin cans, and every sort of domestic refuse. County Byelaws may be, and in most cases have been, framed under the Local Government and Public Health Acts for the suppression of nuisances, and Special Scavenging Districts may be formed at a small charge on the local rates. It appears, therefore, that there is no lack of legislation, but not infrequently objections are raised to extra rating for scavenging purposes, in consequence of which efforts at improvement break down. The root of the evil, as with litter leaving, is due to untidy habits and a general thoughtless attitude on the part of individuals. It is hoped that the representations made by the Association, which have been promptly investigated by the Local Authorities concerned, may lead to improvements. It appears to be a necessary stage in these matters to arouse public opinion, for, without backing in that respect, the hands of the Local Authorities are greatly tied.

With regard to litter, it will be noted in the section of this report dealing with Trespass and Damage to Property that strong representations have been made to the Secretary of State for legislative powers under which the leaving of litter may be treated as a punishable offence; that is to say, in respect of the open country. It is at present an offence to leave refuse on highways or in public places. The weakness of the law as regards the country generally was represented in Parliament some years ago at the instigation of the Association, but the answer of the Secretary of State at that time was to the effect that he was not aware that any special steps were necessary. In the meantime it is regrettable that negligent habits on the part of the public continue in a marked degree. Indeed, a member of the Association living in the Highlands has remarked that on climbing a series of peaks he could always ascertain the highest point by the volume of litter left on the summit!

A broadcast talk on the subjects of litter, and of good conduct in the country, was delivered by Sir Iain Colquhoun during the summer. His characteristic remarks on both points were subsequently printed and distributed as widely as possible. The litter nuisance has also constantly been noticed in articles to the press and at meetings in country districts addressed by the Organising Secretary.

ELECTRICAL DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION

Hydro-electric operations in the Lochaber area, at Tummel Bridge in Perthshire, and in Galloway, proceed towards completion. The disturbance of nature in all districts is sufficiently evident, and although the works are at present immature, and therefore show at their worst, those who knew such a district as Tummel Bridge previously, will scarcely wish to revisit it. The designs of the large power-station at that point were submitted to a Statutory Amenity Committee, following on inquiries and representations made by the Association. Owing to an oversight between the Scottish Office and the Grampian Electricity Supply Company, no Committee had been set up, although the company was required by Act of Parliament to submit all plans to such a body for consideration from the amenity point of view. The power-station, however, is only part of the works involved. Gigantic pipe lines descend from the high ground, and the vicinity of the station is a tangle of steel towers and wires connected with the generating plant. In Galloway it is not ascertainable whether that portion of the scheme north of Dalry will be undertaken or not. It is here that the most serious effects on the existing aspect of nature would occur, and the Association has consistently opposed the development of this section of the Galloway scheme as being unnecessary.

The attitude of the Association towards electrical development is governed by national necessities. If there be good reason to develop large water-power schemes in Scotland, the conservation of natural conditions must necessarily become a secondary question; but, as Sir John Stirling Maxwell has said, the Association asks that beauty in nature shall be regarded as itself a great national asset, to be duly appraised as such. Hydro-electric generation on the large scale can, indeed, only be developed economically in favourable situations; otherwise the distortion of nature necessary to collect large supplies of water becomes a most expensive process. On the other hand, the cost of generation from coal-fired plants steadily decreases. It would appear therefore needless to develop elaborate hydro-electric works in out-of-the-way places at a high cost, in order to lead current to industrial and populous areas which can generate electricity more cheaply from coal. Modified water-power undertakings, for local benefit, would seem a more reasonable proposition. At present there is the anomaly that potential local users, adjacent to large generating plants, cannot afford the heavy cost of tapping a grid line, in addition to incurring a charge of about 8d. a unit for supplies.

The ramifications of secondary, or distribution lines, proceed, and in regions of great natural beauty such as Deeside and the Moor of Dinnet, or the Tay Valley, anxiety is felt about the effects on amenity. Fortunately, however, such lines are carried for the most part on single wooden poles, and will be little more in evidence than ordinary telegraph or telephone lines. In special situations it is feasible to lead secondary lines underground, but the cost of doing so will be approximately doubled in that section.

BRANCH REPORTS

BRANCH FORMATION

A Moray and Nairn Branch of the Association was formed during the year with the help of Colonel J. E. Tennant of Innes, following on propaganda work carried out in the district by the Organising Secretary. The Right Hon. The Earl of Moray has kindly agreed to become President of the Branch, and Colonel Tennant, Chairman. The names of the Committee are as follows:-

Dean of Guild Black, of Elgin,

Mrs Edward, of Sanquhar,

Com. Gill, R.N., of Findhorn,

Sir A. P. Gordon-Cumming, of Altyre,

E. S. Harrison, Esq., of Elgin,

Lt.-Col. Macdonald, of Forres,

H. B. Macdonald, Esq., of Elgin,

G. G. Petrie, Esq., of Elgin,

Colonel Wallace, of Nairn,

Ex-Provost Wittet, of Elgin.

Communications should be sent to Col. J. E. Tennant, Innes House, Elgin.

A representative meeting of the Border supporters of the A.P.R.S. was held at Newtown, St Boswells, on 1st December last, with a view to the formation of a Border Branch. The meeting, at which Lord Haddington presided, was a strong one, and endorsed the policy of the Council to form a Branch. The following ladies and gentlemen have agreed to act on a Border Committee:-

F. R. S. Balfour, Esq., of Stobo,

Mrs M. A. Cowan, of Melrose,

A. H. Eckford, Esq., of St Boswells,

J. A. G. Elliot, Esq., of Hawick,

Rev. W. Kenneth Grant, of Hawick,

A. Douglas Haddon, Esq., (Rep. member of Hawick Callants’ Club,

J. H. Haining, Esq., of Hawick,

J. Harrison, Esq., of Selkirk,

Major George Logan Home, of Edrom,

Mrs C. J. Inglis, of Ancrum,

Mrs M. B. Jamieson, of Galashiels,

Dr J. M. Kirkpatrick, of Clovenfords,

Rev. R. S. Kirkpatrick, of Selkirk,

Dr Munro (Rep. member of Edinburgh Border Counties Association),

D. M. Ramsay, Esq., of Galashiels,

Major S. Strang Steel, of Philiphaugh,

Rev. A. E. Swinton, of Eaglesheugh,

Sir M. G. Thorburn, of Glenormiston.

Mr R. Stormonth Darling, W.S., of Kelso, will act as Hon. Secretary of the Branch. Arrangements for the development of the Branch are proceeding.

STIRLING DISTRICT BRANCH

The Branch continues to be active in the district, and apart from its mere local activities the following may be of general interest.

Aberfoyle/Trossachs Road.-Before beginning planting operations on the ground through which the road runs, Colonel Sutherland and representatives of the Forestry Commission met the Chairman and Secretary of the Stirling Branch, went over the road together, and definitely agreed to reserve from planting certain areas at important view-points. The boundaries of these reserved areas were decided, and thus owing to the very enlightened and helpful attitude taken up by the Commission the main views from this road will be preserved for all time.

The Commission also asked the Chairman to go over the proposed line of the fence which so far as possible had been sited in dead ground from the road. The Chairman did so, and certain alterations suggested regarding it have been adopted by the Commission.

Since a broad margin has been left between the road and the fence, and since the line of the fence runs as much as possible out of sight of the road, interference with amenity is reduced to a minimum.

The A.P.R.S. is grateful to the Commission for their willing co-operation and for the pains they have taken to preserve the beauty and character of this road.

Tours.-Two tours were arranged by the Secretary during the year. The first on 27th May, when a large party visited the Aberfoyle/Trossachs road and also St Bride’s Chapel on Loch Lubnaigside. The second on 15th July, when a tour through the western part of Stirlingshire to Loch Lomondside was arranged.

Various points of interest to members were visited, past and present, good and bad. The renovation of old cottages in Kippen and Cauldhame were specially noticed as an example of what can be done to preserve the character of small houses, whilst lacking nothing in modern standards of comfort, and also showing how the judicious layout of a small garden can add to the attractiveness of a village. Sir Iain Colquhoun of Luss very kindly entertained the party to tea at “Rossdhu.”

It is hoped during the coming year to continue some small work of preservation of an historical site on the lines of the work carried out at Beaton’s Mill and Well. That it must be small is necessitated by the limited funds at the disposal of the Branch.

GALLOWAY BRANCH

In reporting on the activities of the Galloway Branch the Hon. Secretary, Mr A. M’Cormick, deplores the seasonal litter nuisance, particularly in such a favoured spot as Glen Trool. The surplus funds of the Branch have been expended on substantial anti-litter notice boards, cast in metal, and erected at suitable points. Mr McCormick proceeds to observe that the white concrete bridges which road authorities are in the habit of building are a jarring note in moorland surroundings. In Wigtownshire, however, the Road Surveyor builds the part of the bridges above the roadway with stone taken from the neighbourhood, so these bridges blend well with their surroundings.

The objectionable habit of dumping petrol tins and motor tyres in woods and streams is becoming a serious nuisance. Road contractors sometimes leave empty barrels and cans unduly long by the roadside, but when the matter is drawn to the Road Surveyor’s notice these are generally immediately removed.

Objectionable signs, notices, and hoardings are, with a few exceptions, removed when attention is drawn to such disfigurements.

COWAL COMMITTEE

There has been very little necessity for the active intervention of the Committee in the Cowal district in 1933. The electric cable from Dunoon to Innellan has been laid, but it has been laid underground and not on pylons which would have disfigured the shore.

The position as regards litter has been very much improved and the notices in boarding-houses and buses have been very effective.

Dunoon Town Council have distributed Litter Boxes throughout the whole Burgh, and increasing use is being made of them by the public generally.

It is hoped to stimulate the public interest in regional town planning schemes, though at present, except in Dunoon, there are few buildings of any kind being erected. The recent road improvements on Loch Eck side have in no wise disfigured the countryside.

Generally, there are signs that more interest is being aroused in the work of preserving rural districts.

FINANCES

(Statement overleaf) [see pdf]

Subscriptions at £300 show a decrease of some 10 per cent. on last year for all classes of members and bodies. Donations of £36 were received as against £9 in the previous year. The Carnegie Trust grant of £400 is continued. The additions to life membership have produced £26 instead of £42, and the total fund of Life Members’ payments now stands at £1103, but of this a sum of £711 has been expended in development and in meeting some deficits in earlier years. This year shows a substantial saving on printing, postages, etc., and less expenditure on exhibitions and on the work of the Ancient Monuments Committee, so that on the year’s working there is a credit balance of £25. While this is satisfactory financially, the result is due chiefly to a diminution in the number of matters calling for action, and the reduced expenditure is probably only temporary. A reduced membership not only affects income, but tends to decrease the weight of the Association. Hence the Council trusts that the special appeal now issued will be effective and earnestly asks individual members to bring the aims and claims of the Association to the notice of their friends. It may be hoped that the new branches will create increased interest in their respective districts, and the formation of such branches in other areas is much to be desired.

EDINBURGH, 12th February 1934.-We have examined the Books and Accounts of the Association for the Preservation of Rural Scotland, submitted to us for the year ended 31st December 1933, with the vouchers and other instructions, and we have found them correct. We have seen the securities for the invested funds.

(Signed) A. & J. ROBERTSON, C.A., Hon. Auditors.